Learning Outcomes

At the end of this unit students will be to

Income statements (trading and profit and loss accounts

• calculate the gross and net profits or losses based on accounting principles, for a specified period
• recognise that net profit (or loss) is the increase (or decrease) in the net assets during that period.

Balance sheets

• recognise that they are statements of balances of assets and liabilities on a specified date
• recognise and define non-current assets (fixed assets), intangible assets, current assets, current liabilities (creditors: amounts due within 12 months), long-term liabilities (creditors: amounts due after more than one year), working capital, capital employed and capital owned
• comment on the inter-relationship of balance sheet items.

Preparation of financial statements (final accounts)

Sole traders

• explain the difference between a trading business and a service business
• prepare income statements (trading and profit and loss accounts) and balance sheets for trading
  businesses in either horizontal or vertical form
• prepare income statements (profit and loss accounts) and balance sheets for service businesses in
  either horizontal or vertical form
• make adjustments for provision for depreciation using the straight line (equal instalment), diminishing (reducing) balance and revaluation methods
• make adjustments for accrued and prepaid expenses and accrued and prepaid income
• make adjustments for bad debts and provisions for doubtful debts
• make adjustments for goods taken by the owner for own use.

Partnerships

• explain the advantages and disadvantages of forming a partnership
• outline the importance and contents of a partnership agreement
• explain the purpose of an appropriation account
• prepare income statements (trading and profit and loss accounts), appropriation accounts and balance sheets in either horizontal or vertical form
• show the treatment of interest on partners’ loans, interest on capital, interest on drawings, partners’ salaries and the division of the balance of profit or loss
• make adjustments to financial statements (final accounts)
• explain the uses of, and differences between, capital and current accounts
• draw up partners’ capital and current accounts in ledger account form and as part of a balance sheet presentation.

Limited liability companies

• understand the meaning of the term limited liability
• prepare simple appropriation accounts in either horizontal or vertical form
• understand and distinguish between authorised, called-up, paid-up share capital
• understand and distinguish between share capital (preference shares and ordinary shares) and loan capital (debentures)
• understand the capital structure of a limited company comprising preference share capital, ordinary share capital, general reserve and retained profits (profit and loss account)
• prepare appropriation accounts in either horizontal or vertical format
• prepare balance sheets in either horizontal or vertical form.

Clubs and societies

• distinguish between receipts and payments accounts and income and expenditure accounts
• prepare receipts and payments accounts
• prepare accounts for revenue-generating activities, e.g. refreshments, subscriptions
• prepare income and expenditure accounts and balance sheets
• make adjustments
• calculate the accumulated fund.

Manufacturing accounts

• distinguish between direct and indirect costs
• distinguish between direct material, direct labour, prime cost and factory overheads
• understand and make adjustments for work in progress
• calculate factory cost of production
• prepare manufacturing financial statements: income statements (trading and profit and loss accounts) and balance sheets
• make adjustments to financial statements (final accounts)

Incomplete records

• prepare opening and closing statements of affairs
• calculate net profit or loss from changes in capital over time
• calculate sales, purchases, gross profit, trade receivables (debtors) and trade payables (creditors) and other figures from incomplete information
• prepare income statements (trading and profit and loss accounts) and balance sheets
• make adjustments to financial statements (final accounts)
• apply the techniques of mark-up, margin and inventory (stock) turnover to arrive at missing figures.